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If you are using a value in a parameter expansion expression that isn't set, the result will be empty.
For instance, the XDG paths are not defined for me on OSX.
To make a script more robust, you can provide a fallback value (i.e. ). The parameter expansion will use the fallback value if the primary value is either unset or null.
The syntax for this is to follow the primary parameter with :-
and then the fallback parameter.
Because I'm on OSX, this expands to my $HOME
directory with /.local/share
appended.